Passive Mode-Locking is the result of the Kerr Effect, which is based on the non-linear intensity dependent index of refraction. When combined with an appropriately placed slit and a small perturbation, one can achieve pulses of approximately 10 femtoseconds in duration!!!
Regenerative Amplification (above) and Multi-Pass Gain Amplification are the two most common ways to produce usable pulses for Ultrafast Spectroscopy.
Ti:Sapphire Passive Mode-Locked Laser
Frequency And Time Obey A Fourier Relationship...
In 1991, the "Self Locking by a Kerr Lens Effect" was observed by Scottish Scientists (U. Keller et al.) and henceforth, the technical difficulties have been reduced with the advent of the "Ti:Sapphire Passive Mode Locked Laser"